Epilepsy Research
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 49-62 , March 1998

Decreased brainstem seizure thresholds and facilitated seizure propagation in mice exposed to repeated flurothyl-induced generalized forebrain seizures

  • Russell J Ferland

      Affiliations

    • Program in Neuroscience, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
  • ,
  • Craig D Applegate

      Affiliations

    • Program in Neuroscience, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
    • Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 605, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Tel.: +1 716 2757393; fax: +1 716 2758113; e-mail: capplegate@mail.neurology.rochester.edu

Received 14 July 1997 ,Revised 29 September 1997 ,Accepted 28 October 1997.

References 

  1. Adler MW. Increased sensitivity to pentylenetetrazol and flurothyl following cortical ablations in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1965;148:131–135
  2. Applegate, CD, Burchfiel, JL, Neumann, PE. Genetic contributions to kindling: an experimental approach. In: Wada, JA, editor. Kindling 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1990:113–126.
  3. Applegate CD, Samoriski GM, Burchfiel JL. Evidence for the interaction of brainstem systems mediating seizure expression in kindling and electroconvulsive shock seizure models. Epilepsy Res. 1991;10:142–147
  4. Applegate CD, Samoriski GM, Ozduman K. Effects of valproate, phenytoin and MK-801 in a novel model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia. 1997;38:631–636
  5. Browning, RA. Effect of lesions on seizures in experimental animals. In: Fromm, GH, Faingold, CL, Browning, RA, Burnham, WM, editors. Epilepsy and the reticular formation: the role of the reticular core in convulsive seizures. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1987:137–162.
  6. Browning RA, Nelson DK. Modification of electroshock and pentylenetetrazol seizure patterns in rats after precollicular transections. Exp Neurol. 1986;93:546–556
  7. Browning RA, Wang C, Lanker ML, Jobe PC. Electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs): differences in threshold patterns. Epilepsy Res. 1990;6:1–11
  8. Browning RA, Maggio R, Sahibzada N, Gale K. Role of brainstem structures in seizures initiated from the deep prepiriform cortex of rats. Epilepsia. 1993;34:393–407
  9. Cain DP. Bidirectional transfer of electrical and carbachol kindling. Brain Res. 1983;260:135–138
  10. Cain DP. Kindling by repeated intraperitoneal or intracerebral injection of picrotoxin transfers to electrical kindling. Exp Neurol. 1987;97:243–254
  11. Coffey LL, Reith MEA, Chen N-H, Mishra PK, Jobe PC. Amygdala kindling of forebrain seizures and the occurrence of brainstem seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Epilepsia. 1996;37:188–197
  12. Engstrom FL, Woodbury DM. Seizure susceptibility in DBA and C57 mice: the effects of various convulsants. Epilepsia. 1988;29:389–395
  13. Ferland RJ, Applegate CD. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) and seizure propagation in C57BL/6J mice. Soc Neurosci Abstr (# 317.6). 1997;23:811
  14. Franklin, KBJ, Paxinos, G. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997.
  15. Hirsch E, Maton B, Vergnes M, Depaulis A, Marescaux C. Positive transfer of audiogenic kindling to electrical hippocampal kindling in rats. Epilepsy Res. 1992;11:159–166
  16. Hirsch E, Danober L, Simler S, Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Maton B, Nehlig A, et al. The amygdala is critical for seizure propagation from brainstem to forebrain. Neuroscience. 1997;77:975–984
  17. Kreindler A, Zuckermann E, Steriade M, Chimion D. Electroclinical features of convulsions induced by stimulation of brain stem. J Neurophysiol. 1958;21:430–436
  18. Magistris MR, Mouradian MS, Gloor P. Generalized convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol in the cat: participation of forebrain, brainstem and spinal cord. Epilepsia. 1988;29:379–388
  19. McIntyre, DC. Catecholamine involvement in amygdala kindling of the rat. In: Wada, JA, editor. Kindling 2. New York: Raven Press, 1981:67–80.
  20. McIntyre DC, Kelly ME. Are differences in dorsal hippocampal kindling related to amygdala-piriform area excitability?. Epilepsy Res. 1993;14:49–61
  21. McNamara, JO. Kindling model of epilepsy. In: Delgado-Escueta, AV, Ward, Jr., AA, Woodbury, DM, Porter, RJ, editors. Advances in neurology, volume 44. New York: Raven Press, 1986:303–318.
  22. Mori N, Wada JA. Bidirectional transfer between kindling induced by excitatory amino acids and electrical stimulation. Brain Res. 1987;425:45–48
  23. Mori N, Wada JA. Bidirectional transhemispheric interaction between amygdaloid kindling induced by excitatory amino acids and electrical stimulation. Epilepsia. 1989;30:271–275
  24. Mori N, Wada JA, Kumashiro H. Bidirectional transfer between kindling induced either by l-glutamate or l-asparate and electrical stimulation in rats. Brain Res. 1989;498:163–166
  25. Okada R, Moshe SL, Ono K, Albala BJ. Unidirectional interaction between flurothyl seizures and amygdala kindling. Brain Res. 1985;344:103–108
  26. Pinel JPJ, Rovner LI. Electrode placement and kindling-induced experimental epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 1978;58:335–346
  27. Racine RJ. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 1972;32:281–294
  28. Samoriski GM, Applegate CD. Repeated generalized seizures induce time-dependent changes in the behavioral seizure response independent of continued seizure induction. J Neurosci. 1997;17:5581–5590
  29. Samoriski GM, Piekut DT, Applegate CD. Differential spatial patterns of Fos induction following generalized clonic and generalized tonic seizures. Exp Neurol. 1997;143:255–268
  30. Samoriski, GM, Piekut, DT, Applegate, CD. Regional analysis of the spatial patterns of Fos induction in brain following flurothyl kindling. Neuroscience 1998 (in press).
  31. Sangdee P, Turkanis SA, Karler R. Kindling-like effect induced by repeated corneal electroshock in mice. Epilepsia. 1982;23:471–479
  32. Sutula T, Koch J, Golarai G, Watanabe Y, McNamara JO. NMDA receptor dependence of kindling and mossy fiber sprouting: evidence that the NMDA receptor regulates patterning of hippocampal circuits in the adult brain. J Neurosci. 1996;16:7398–7406
  33. Wong BY, Moshe SL. Mutual interactions between repeated flurothyl convulsions and electrical kindling. Epilepsy Res. 1987;1:159–164
  34. Yokoyama N, Mori N, Kumashiro H. Chemical kindling induced by cAMP and transfer to electrical kindling. Brain Res. 1989;492:158–162

PII: S0920-1211(97)00093-4

Epilepsy Research
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 49-62 , March 1998