Epilepsy Research
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 211-220 , February 1998

Attenuation of kindling-induced decreases in NT-3 mRNA by thyroid hormone depletion

  • Su-Yong Kim

      Affiliations

    • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
  • ,
  • Mark A Smith

      Affiliations

    • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
  • ,
  • Robert M Post

      Affiliations

    • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
  • ,
  • Jeffrey B Rosen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel: +1 302 8314209; fax: +1 302 8313645; e-mail: jrosen@udel.edu

Received 30 May 1997 ,Revised 26 August 1997 ,Accepted 23 September 1997.

References 

  1. Alverez-Dolado M, Iglesias T, Rodriguez-Pena A, Bernal J, Munoz A. Expression of neurotrophins and the trk family of neurotrophin receptors in normal and hypothyroid rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 1994;27:249–257
  2. Bengzon J, Soderstrom S, Kokaia Z, Kokaia M, Ernfors P, Persson H, et al. Widespread increase of nerve growth factor protein in the rat forebrain after kindling-induced seizures. Brain Res. 1992;587:338–342
  3. Bengzon J, Kokaia Z, Ernfors P, Kokaia M, Leanza G, Nilsson O, et al. Regulation of neurotrophin and trkA, trkB and trkC and tyrosine kinase receptor messenger RNA expression in kindling. Neuroscience. 1993;53:433–446
  4. Dyess EM, Segerson TP, Liposits Z, Paul WK, Kaplan MM, Wu P, et al. Triiodotyronine exerts direct cell-specific regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamuc paraventricular nucleus. Endocrinology. 1988;123:2291–2296
  5. Ernfors P, Bengzon J, Kokaia Z, Persson H, Lindvall O. Increased levels of messenger RNAs for neurotrophic factors in the brain during kindling epileptogenesis. Neuron. 1991;7:165–176
  6. Gall C, Isackson P. Limbic seizures increase neuronal production of messenger RNA for nerve growth factor. Science. 1989;245:758–761
  7. Giordano T, Pan J, Casuto D, Watanabe S, Arneric S. Thyroid hormone regulation of NGF, NT-3 and BDNF RNA in the adult rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 1992;16:239–245
  8. Goddard G, McIntyre D, Leech C. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 1969;25:295–330
  9. Gould E, Woolley C, McEwen B. The hippocampal formation: Morphological changes induced by thyroid, gonadal and adrenal hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1991;16:67–84
  10. Isackson P, Huntsman M, Murray K, Gall C. BDNF mRNA expression is increased in adult rat forebrain after limbic seizures: Temporal patterns of induction distinct from NGF. Neuron. 1991;6:937–948
  11. Jabbari B, Huott AD. Seizures in thyrotoxicosis. Epilepsia. 1980;21:91–96
  12. Kim S-Y, Post R, Rosen J. Differential regulation of basal and kindling-induced TRH mRNA expression by thyroid hormone in the hypothalamic and limbic structures. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;63:297–304
  13. Koller KJ, Wolff RS, Warden MK, Zoeller RT. Thyroid hormones regulate levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1987;84:7329–7333
  14. Leingartner A, Lindholm D. Two promoters direct transcription of the mouse NT-3 gene. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1994;6:1149–1159
  15. Lindholm D, Castren E, Tsoulfas P, Kolbeck R, Berzaghi M, Leingartner A, et al. Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes purkinje cell differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 1993;122:443–450
  16. McNamara J. Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 1994;14:4313–4325
  17. Nawa H, Caranahan J, Gall C. BDNF protein measured by a novel enzyme immunoassay in normal brain and after seizure: Partial disagreement with mRNA levels. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1995;7:1527–1535
  18. Pasquini J, Adamo A. Thyroid hormones and the central nervous system. Dev. Neurosci. 1994;16:1–16
  19. Paxinos, G., Watson, C., 1986. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Sydney.
  20. Racine R. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1972;32:281–294
  21. Rocamora N, Palacios J, Mengod G. Limbic seizures induce a differential regulation of the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in the rat hippocampus. Mol. Brain Res. 1992;13:27–33
  22. Rozanov, C., Dratman, M., 1995. Brain mapping of T3 by immunohistochemistry indicates that its distribution in defined neural networks is homeostatically maintained despite marked alterations of thyroid state. In: Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. Endocrine Society Press, Bethesda, MD.
  23. Sato K, Kashihara K, Morimoto K, Hayabara T. Regional increases in brain-drived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor mRNAs during amygdaloid kindling, but not in acidic and basic growth factor mRNAs. Epilepsia. 1996;37:6–14
  24. Seyfried T, Glaser G, Yu R. Thyroid hormone influence on the susceptibility of mice to audiogenic seizures. Science. 1975;205:598–600
  25. Smith M, Makino S, Kim S-Y, Kventnansky R. Stress increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Endocrinology. 1995;136:1768–1777
  26. Su YH, Izumi T, Kitsu M, Fukuyama Y. Seizure threshold in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy with Graves disease. Epilepsia. 1993;34:488–492
  27. Sutula T. Reactive changes in epilepsy: cell death and axon sprouting induced by kindling. Epilepsy Res. 1991;10:62–70
  28. Sutula T, He X, Cavazos J, Scott G. Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science. 1988;239:1147–1150
  29. Thoenen H. Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science. 1995;270:593–598
  30. Timiras P, Nzekwe E. Thyroid hormones and nervous system development. Biol. Neonate. 1989;55:376–385
  31. Walker P, Weichsel M, Fisher D, Guo S, Fisher D. Thyroxine increase nerve growth factor concentration in adult mouse brain. Science. 1979;204:427–429
  32. Whittemore SR, Friedman PL, Larhammar D, Persson H, Gonzalez Carvajal M, Holets VR. Rat beta-nerve growth factor sequence and site of synthesis in the adult hippocampus. J. Neurosci. Res. 1988;20:403–410
  33. Woodbury DM, Hurley RE, Lewis NG, McArthur MW, Copeland WW, Kirschvink JF, et al. Effect of thyroxin, thyroidectomy and 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil on brain function. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 1952;106:331–340

PII: S0920-1211(97)00087-9

Epilepsy Research
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 211-220 , February 1998