Epilepsy Research
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 221-232 , February 1998

Electroencephalographic and histological characteristics of a model of limbic status epilepticus permitting direct control over seizure duration

Received 28 March 1997 ,Revised 18 August 1997 ,Accepted 30 September 1997.

References 

  1. Anonymous . Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus: recommendations of the epilepsy foundation of america's working group on status epilepticus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1993;270:854–859
  2. DeGiorgio CM, Tomiyasu U, Gott PS, Treiman DM. Hippocampal pyramidal cell loss in human status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1992;33:23–27
  3. DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Pellock JM, Penberthy L, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology. 1996;46:1029–1035
  4. Dragunow M, Young D, Hughes P, MacGibbon G, Lawlor P, Singleton K, et al. Is c-Jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury?. Mol. Brain Res. 1993;18:347–352
  5. Fountain NB, Lothman EW. Pathophysiology of status epilepticus (Review). J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995;12:326–342
  6. Freund TF, Ylinen A, Miettinen R, Pitkanen A, Lahtinen H, Baimbridge KG, et al. Pattern of neuronal death in the rat hippocampus after status epilepticus. Relationship to calcium binding protein content and ischemic vulnerability. Brain Res. Bull. 1992;28:27–38
  7. Gruenthal M, Armstrong DR, Ault B, Nadler JV. Comparison of seizures and brain lesions produced by intracerebroventricular kainic acid and bicuculline methiodide. Exp. Neurol. 1986;93:621–630
  8. Handforth A, Ackermann RF. Hierarchy of seizure states in the electrogenic limbic status epilepticus model: behavioral and electrographic observations of initial states and temporal progression. Epilepsia. 1992;33:589–600
  9. Handforth A, Ackermann RF. Electrogenic status epilepticus induced from numerous limbic sites. Epilepsy Res. 1993;15:21–26
  10. Krumholz A, Sung GY, Fisher RS, Barry E, Bergey GK, Grattan LM. Complex partial status epilepticus accompanied by serious morbidity and mortality. Neurology. 1995;45:1499–1504
  11. Li H, Buchan AM. Treatment with an AMPA antagonist 12 hours following severe normothermic forebrain ischemia prevents CA1 neuronal injury.. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1993;13:933–939
  12. Lothman EW, Bertram EH, Bekenstein JW, Perlin JB. Self-sustained limbic status epilepticus induced by `continuous' hippocampal stimulation: electrographic and behavioral characteristics. Epilepsy Res. 1989;3:107–119
  13. Lothman EW, Bertram EH, Kapur J, Stringer JL. Recurrent spontaneous hippocampal seizures in the rat as a chronic sequela to limbic status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 1990;6:110–118
  14. Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980s. Neurology. 1993;43:483–488
  15. Maglóczky Z, Freund TF. Selective neuronal death in the contralateral hippocampus following unilateral kainate injections into the CA3 subfield. Neuroscience. 1993;56:317–336
  16. Maglóczky Z, Freund TF. Delayed cell death in the contralateral hippocampus following kainate injection into the CA3 subfield.. Neuroscience. 1995;66:847–860
  17. McIntyre DC, Nathanson D, Edson N. A new model of partial status epilepticus based on kindling. Brain Res. 1982;250:53–63
  18. Mello LEAM, Cavalheiro EA, Tan AM, Kupfer WR, Pretorius JK, Babb TL, et al. Circuit mechanisms of seizures in the pilocarpine model of chronic epilepsy: cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting. Epilepsia. 1993;34:985–995
  19. Milgram NW, Green I, Liberman M, Riexinger K, Petit TL. Establishment of status epilepticus by limbic system stimulation in previously unstimulated rats. Exp. Neurol. 1985;88:253–264
  20. Monaghan DT, Holets VR, Toy DW, Cotman CW. Anatomical distributions of four pharmacologically distinct 3H-l-glutamate binding sites. Nature. 1983;306:176–179
  21. Pitkänen A. Treatment with antiepileptic drugs: possible neuroprotective effects. Neurology. 1996;47(Suppl 1):S12–S16
  22. Racine RJ. Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1972;32:281–294
  23. Schmidt-Knaster R, Freund TF. Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus in brain ischemia. Neuroscience. 1991;40:599–636
  24. Schwob JE, Fuller T, Price JL, Olney JW. Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: a histological study. Neuroscience. 1980;5:991–1014
  25. Sung C-Y, Chu N-S. Status epilepticus in the elderly: etiology, seizure type and outcome. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 1989;80:51–56
  26. Taber KH, McNamara JJ, Zornetzer SF. Status epilepticus: a new rodent model. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1977;43:707–724
  27. Treiman DM. Electroclinical features of status epilepticus (Review). J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1995;12:343–362
  28. Vicedomini JP, Nadler JV. A model of status epilepticus based on electrical stimulation of hippocampal afferent pathways. Exp. Neurol. 1987;96:681–691
  29. Young D, Dragunow M. Status epilepticus may be caused by loss of adenosine anticonvulsant mechanisms. Neuroscience. 1994;58:245–261

PII: S0920-1211(97)00085-5

Epilepsy Research
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 221-232 , February 1998