Epilepsy Research
Volume 28, Issue 1 , Pages 39-50 , July 1997

MRI volumetry and T2 relaxometry of the amygdala in newly diagnosed and chronic temporal lobe epilepsy

  • Reetta Kälviäinen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • ,
  • Tuuli Salmenperä

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN-70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • ,
  • Kaarina Partanen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • ,
  • Pauli Vainio

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, FIN70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • ,
  • Paavo Riekkinen Sr

      Affiliations

    • A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • ,
  • Asla Pitkänen

      Affiliations

    • A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70 211 Kuopio, Finland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +358 17 163296; fax: +358 17 163025; e-mail: apitkane@messi.uku.fi

Received 4 December 1996 ,Revised 7 April 1997 ,Accepted 23 April 1997.

References 

  1. Amaral DG, In: Mountcastle VB, editor. Memory: Anatomical Organization of Candidate Brain Regions. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1987:211–294.
  2. Amaral DG, Price JL, Pitkänen A, Carmichael ST. Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex, In: Aggleton J, editor. The Amygdala. New York: Wiley-Liss Publishers, 1992:1–66.
  3. Babb TL, Pretorius JK. Pathologic substrates of epilepsy, In: Wylie E, editor. The Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice. Lea & Fibiger, Philadelphia, 1993:55–70.
  4. Baram TZ, Ribak CE. Peptide-induced infant status epilepticus causes neuronal death and synaptic reorganization. Neuroreport. 1995;6:277–280
  5. Bruton CJ. The Neuropathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Oxford University Press, 1988.
  6. Cavazos J, Das I, Sutula T. Neuronal loss induced in limbic pathways by kindling: evidence for induction of hippocampal sclerosis by repeated brief seizures. J Neurosci. 1994;14:3106–3121
  7. Cendes F, Leproux F, Melanson D, Ethier R, Evans A, Peters T, et al. MRI of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Comput Assisted Tomogr. 1993;17:206–210
  8. Cendes F, Anderman F, Gloor P, et al.  MRI volumetric measurements of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology (NY). 1993;43:719–725
  9. Cendes F, Anderman F, Dubeau F, Gloor P, Evans A, Jones-Gotman M, et al. Early childhood prolonged febrile convulsions, atrophy and sclerosis of mesial structures, and temporal lobe epilepsy: A MRI volumetric study. Neurology (NY). 1993;43:1083–1087
  10. Cendes F, Anderman F, Gloor P, Gambardella A, Lopes-Cendes I, Watson G, et al. Relationship between atrophy of the amygdala and ictal fear in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 1994;117:739–746
  11. Cendes F, Anderman F, Carpenter S, Zatorre RJ, Cashman NR. Temporal lobe epilepsy caused by domoic acid intoxication: evidence for glutamate receptor mediated excitotoxicity in humans. Ann Neurol. 1995;37:123–126
  12. Cook MJ. Mesial temporal sclerosis and volumetric investigations. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;152(Suppl.):109–114
  13. DeGiorgio CM, Tomiyasu U, Gott PS, Treiman DM. Hippocampal pyramidal cell loss in human status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1992;33:23–27
  14. DeGiorgio CM, Correale JD, Gott PS, Ginsburg DL, Bracht KA, Smith T, et al. Serum neuron-specific enolase in human status epilepticus. Neurology (NY). 1995;45:1134–1137
  15. Du F, Whetsell O, Abou-Khalil B, Blumenkopf B, Lothman EW, Schwarcz R. Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the entorhinal cortex in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1993;16:223–233
  16. Duncan JS, Van Paesschen W, Johnson CL, Connelly A. T2 relaxometry of the amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(Suppl. 8):22
  17. Fazekas F, Kapeller P, Schmidt R, Stollberger R, Varosanec S, Offenbachter H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy findings after focal status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1995;36:946–949
  18. Fujikawa DG, Itabashi HH. Status epilepticus-induced brain damage in humans. Epilepsia. 1994;35(Suppl. 8):9
  19. Gloor P. Role of amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy, In: Aggleton J, editor. The Amygdala. New York: Wiley-Liss Publishers, 1992:505–538.
  20. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol. 1969;25:295–330
  21. Hudson LP, Monoz DG, Miller L, McLachlan RS, Girvin JP, Blume WT. Amygdaloid sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:622–631
  22. Jackson GD, Connelly A, Duncan JS, Grunewald RA, Gadian DG. Detection of hippocampal pathology in intractable partial epilepsy. Increased sensitivity with quantative magnetic resonance T2 relaxometry. Neurology (NY). 1993;43:1793–1799
  23. Kälviäinen R, Partanen K, Äikiä M, Mervaala E, Vainio P, Riekkinen P, et al. MRI-based hippocampal volumetry and T2 relaxometry: correlation to verbal memory performance in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients with left-sided temporal lobe focus. Neurology (NY). 1997;48:286–287
  24. Lencz T, McCarthy G, Bronen RA, Scott TM, Inserni JA, Sass KJ, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: relationship to neuropathology and neuropsychological function. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:629–637
  25. Margerison JH, Corsellis JAN. Epilepsy and the temporal lobes. A clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy with particular reference to the temporal lobes. Brain. 1966;89:499–530
  26. Mathern GW, Babb TL, Vickrey BG, Melendez M, Pretorius JK. The clinical-pathogenic mechanisms of hippocampal neuron loss and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 1995;118:105–118
  27. Meldrum BS, Brierley JB. Prolonged epileptic seizures in primates. Ischemic cell change and its relation to ictal physiological events. Arch Neurol. 1973;28:10–17
  28. Meldrum BS, Corsellis JAN. Epilepsy, In: Hume Adams J, Corsellis JAN, Duchen LW, editors. Greenfield's Neuropathology, 4th edition, A Wiley-Medical Publication. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984:921–950.
  29. Meinini C, Meldrum BS, Riche D, Silva-Comte C, Stutzmann JM. Sustained limbic seizures induced by intra-amygdaloid kainic acid in the baboon: symptomatology and neuropathological consequences. Ann. Neurol. 1980;8:501–509
  30. Miller LA, McLachlan RS, Bouwer MS, Hudson LP, Munoz DG. Amygdalar sclerosis: preoperative indicators and outcome after temporal lobectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1099–1105
  31. Mourizen-Dam A. Epilepsy and neuron loss in the hippocampus. Epilepsia. 1980;21:617–629
  32. Nohria V, Lee N, Tien RD, Heinz ER, Smith JS, DeLong GR, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of hippocampal sclerosis in progression: a case report. Epilepsia. 1994;35:1332–1336
  33. Pitkänen A, Tuunanen J, Halonen T. Vigabatrin and carbamazepine have different efficacies in the prevention of status epilepticus induced neuronal damage in the hippocampus and amygdala. Epilepsy Res. 1996;24:29–45
  34. Pitkänen A, Laakso M, Kälviäinen R, Partanen K, Vainio P, Lehtovirta M, et al. Severity of hippocampal atrophy correlates with the prolongation of MRI T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy but not in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (NY). 1996;46:1724–1730
  35. Rainnie DG, Asprodini EK, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Kindling-induced long-lasting changes in synaptic transmission in the basolateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol. 1992;67:443–454
  36. Represa A, Niquet J, Pollard H, Khrestchatisky M, Ben-Ari Y. From seizures to neo-synaptogenesis: intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of mossy fiber sprouting in the adult hippocampus. Hippocampus. 1994;4:270–274
  37. Ribak CE, Seress L, Weber P, Bakay RAE. Alumina gel injections into the amygdala of monkeys cause behavioral and pathological changes found in temporal lobe epilepsy. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1995;21:1964
  38. Saukkonen A, Kälviäinen R, Partanen K, Vainio P, Riekkinen P, Pitkänen A. Do seizures cause neuronal damage? A MRI study comparing the volumes of the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus in newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy. Neuroreport. 1994;6:219–223
  39. Schwob JE, Fuller T, Price JL, Olney JW. Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: a histological study. Neuroscience. 1980;5:991–1014
  40. Sloviter RS. The functional organization of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and its relevance to the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:640–654
  41. Smith BN, Dudek FE. Decreased inhibition in the basolateral amygdala of kainate-treated rats. Epilepsia. 1995;36(Suppl. 4):40
  42. Soininen HS, Partanen K, Pitkänen A, Vainio P, Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, et al. Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: correlation to visual and verbal memory. Neurology (NY). 1994;44:1660–1668
  43. Sorvari H, Soininen H, Paljärvi L, Karkola K, Pitkänen A. Distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the human amygdaloid complex. J Comp Neurol. 1995;360:185–212
  44. Sutula T, He XX, Cavazos J, Scott G. Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science. 1988;239:1147–1150
  45. Tuunanen J, Halonen T, Pitkänen A. Seizures cause selective regional damage and loss of GABAergic neurons in the rat amygdaloid complex. Eur J Neurosci. 1996;8:2711–2725
  46. Tuunanen J, Halonen T, Pitkänen A. Decrease in somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat amygdaloid complex in a kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997;26:315–327
  47. Van Paesschen W, Revesz T, Duncan JS, et al.  Quantitative neuropathology and quantitative MRI of hippocampal sclerosis [abstract]. Epilepsia. 1994;35(Suppl. 8):19
  48. Van Paesschen W, Connelly A, Johnson CL, Duncan JS. The amygdala and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantative magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurology (NY). 1996;47:1021–1031
  49. Watson C, Nielsen SL, Cobb C, Burgerman R, Williamson B. Pathological grading system for hippocampal sclerosis: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging-based volume measurements of the hippocampus. J Epilepsy. 1996;9:56–64
  50. White L, Price JL. The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. I. Patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and fos immunocytochemistry. J Neurosci. 1993;13:4787–4809
  51. Wilson CL, Isokawa M, Babb TL, Crandall PH. Functional connections in the human temporal lobe. I. Analysis of limbic system pathways using neuronal responses evoked by electrical stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1990;82:279–292
  52. Yamasaki H, Furuoka H, Takechi M, Itakura C. Neuronal loss and gliosis in limbic system in an epileptic dog. Vet Pathol. 1991;28:540–542

PII: S0920-1211(97)00029-6

Epilepsy Research
Volume 28, Issue 1 , Pages 39-50 , July 1997

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution