Epilepsy Research
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 163-175 , December 1996

Astrocytes in kindling: relevance to epileptogenesis

  • Moshe Khurgel

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Present address: Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 5148, MR4, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 924-9111; fax: +1 (804) 982-4380
    • Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ont. M1C 1A4, Canada
    • ,
  • Gwen O. Ivy

      Affiliations

    • Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ont. M1C 1A4, Canada
    • Department of Psychology, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ont. M1C 1A4, Canada

Received 15 November 1995 ,Accepted 26 February 1996.

References 

  1. Beldhuis HJ, Everts HG, Van der Zee EA, Luiten PG, Bohus B. Amygdala kindling-induced seizures selectively in pair spatial memory. 2. Effects on hippocampal neuronal and glial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Hippocampus. 1992;2:411–419
  2. Belliveau DJ, Naus CC. Cellular localization of gap junction mRNAs in developing rat brain. Dev. Neurosci. 1995;17:81–96
  3. Bengzon J, Söderström S, Kokaia Z, Kokaia M, Ernfors P, Persson H, et al. Widespread increase of nerve growth factor protein in the rat forebrain after kindling-induced seizures. Brain Res. 1992;587:338–342
  4. Bershadsky AD, Vasiliev JM. Cytoskeleton. New York: Plenum Press; 1988;
  5. Brotchi J, Scuvee-Moreau J, Dresse A. Corrélation entre le caractère épileptogène d'un foyer lésionnel et la présence dans celui-ci d'‘astrocytes activés’ (présentant une activité trèsintense des déshydrogénases et de l'alpha-glucan-phosphorylase). Etude chez l'homme et l'animal. Acta Neurol. Belg. 1978;78:267–278
  6. Brotchi J, Tanaka T, Leviel V. Lack of activated astrocytes in the kindling phenomenon. Exp. Neurol. 1978;58:119–125
  7. Chen W-J, Liem RKH. Reexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein rescues the ability of astrocytoma cells to form processes in response to neurons. J. Cell Biol. 1994;127:813–823
  8. Cornell-Bell AH, Williamson A. Hyperexcitability of neurons and astrocytes in epileptic human cortex. In:  Fedoroff S,  Juurlink BHJ,  Doucette R editor. Biology and Pathology of Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions. New York: Plenum Press; 1993;p. 51–65
  9. Colucci-Guyon E, Portier MM, Dunia I, Paulin D, Pournin S, Babinet C. Mice lacking vimentin develop and reproduce without an obvious phenotype. Cell. 1994;79:679–694
  10. Dahl D, Rueger DG, Bignami A. Vimentin, the 57 000 molecular weight protein of fibroblast filaments, is the major cytoskeletal component in immature glia. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 1981;24:191–196
  11. Dalby NO, Rondouin G, Lerner-Natoli M. Increase in GAP-43 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus subsequent to perforant path kindling. J. Neurosci. Res. 1995;41:613–619
  12. De Robertis E, Gernschenfeld HM. Submicroscopic morphology and function of glial cells. Rev. Neurobiol. 1961;3:1–65
  13. Du F, Williamson J, Bertram E, Lothman E, Okuno E, Schwarcz R. Kynurenine pathway enzymes in a rat model of chronic epilepsy: immunohistochemical study of activated glial cells. Neuroscience. 1993;55:975–989
  14. Duchesne PY, Gheuens J, Brotchi J, Gerebtzoff MA. Normal and reactive astrocytes: a comparative study by immunohistochemistry and by a classical histological technique. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1979;24:237–239
  15. Eddleston M, Mucke L. Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes: implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neurosci. 1993;54:15–36
  16. Eng LF, Lee YL. Intermediate filaments in astrocytes. In:  Kettenmann H,  Ransom BR editor. Neurologlia. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; 1995;p. 650–667
  17. Gall CM, Isackson PJ. Limbic seizures increase neuronal production of messenger RNA for nerve growth factor. Science. 1989;245:758–761
  18. Gall CM, Berschauer R, Isackson PJ. Seizures increase basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in adult forebrain neurons and glia. Mol. Brain Res. 1994;21:190–205
  19. Gehrmann J, Matsumoto Y, Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: intrinsic immunoeffector cell of the brain. Brain Res. Rev. 1995;20:269–287
  20. Gomi H, Yokoyama T, Fujimoto K, Ikeda T, Katoh A, Itoh T, et al. Mice devoid of the glial fibrillary acidic protein develop normally and are susceptible to scrapie prions. Neuron. 1995;14:29–41
  21. Graeber MB, Streit WJ, Kreutzberg GW. The microglial cytoskeleton: vimentin is localized within activated cells in situ. J. Neurocytol. 1988;17:573–580
  22. Gratzner HG. Monoclonal antibody to 5-Bromo- and 5-Iododeoxyuridine: a new reagent for detection of DNA replication. Science. 1982;218:474–475
  23. Grisar T, Guillame D, Bureau M, Heeren-Bureau M. Astrocytes contribution to the epilepsies: molecular aspects. In:  Norenberg MD,  Hertz L,  Schousboe A editor. The Biochemical Pathology of Astrocytes. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1988;p. 487–501
  24. Hansen A, Jørgensen OS, Bolwig TG, Barry DI. Hippocampal kindling alters the concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein and other marker proteins in the rat brain. Brain Res. 1990;531:307–311
  25. Hansen A, Jørgensen OS, Bolwig TG, Barry DI. Hippocampal kindling in the rat is associated with time-dependent increases in the concentration of glial fibrillary acidic protein. J. Neurochem. 1991;57:1716–1720
  26. Harris AB. Cortical neuroglia in experimental epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 1975;49:691–715
  27. Hatten ME, Liem RKH, Shelanski ML, Mason CA. Astroglia in CNS injury. Glia. 1991;4:233–243
  28. Hawrylak N, Chang F-LF, Greenough WT. Astrocytic and synaptic response to kindling in hippocampal subfield CA1. II. Synaptogenesis and astrocytic process increases to in vivo kindling. Brain Res. 1993;603:309–316
  29. Hertz L. Possible role of neurologlia: a potassium-mediated neuronal-neuroglial-neuronal impulse transmission system. Nature. 1965;206:1091–1094
  30. Hertz L. An intense potassium uptake into astrocytes, its further enhancement by high concentrations of potassium, and its possible involvement in potassium homeostasis at the cellular level. Brain Res. 1978;145:202–208
  31. Hozumi I, Chiu F-C, Norton WT. Biochemical and immunocytochemical changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein after stab wounds. Brain Res. 1990;524:64–71
  32. Kaplan MS, Hinds JW. Neurogenesis in the adult rat: electron microscopic analysis of light radioautographs. Science. 1977;197:1092–1094
  33. Khurgel, M., Koo, A.C. and Ivy, G.O., Evidence of a localized ablation of astrocytes by intracerebral injection of L-α-aminoadipate. Glia, in press.
  34. Khurgel M, Racine RJ, Milgram NW, Ivy GO. Progressive changes in the pattern and intensity of astrocyte hypertrophy in the brains of amygdala kindled rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1990;16:342
  35. Khurgel M, Racine RJ, Ivy GO. Kindling causes changes in the composition of the astrocytic cytoskeleton. Brain Res. 1992;592:338–342
  36. Khurgel M, Racine RJ, Ivy GO. Seizure intensity-mediated astrogliosis in septum kindled rats. Epilepsia. 1995;36(Suppl. 4):20
  37. Khurgel M, Switzer RC, Teskey GC, Spiller AE, Racine RJ, Ivy GO. Activation of astrocytes during epileptogenesis in the absence of neuronal degeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 1995;2:23–35
  38. Kugler P. Enzymes involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Int. Rev. Cytol. 1993;147:285–336
  39. Labourdette G, Sensenbrenner M. Growth factors and their receptors in the central nervous system. In:  Kettenmann H,  Ransom BR editor. Neuroglia. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; 1995;p. 441–459
  40. Landis DMD. The early reactions of non-neuronal cells to brain injury. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1994;17:133–151
  41. Lee SH, Magge S, Spencer DD, Sontheimer H, Cornell-Bell AH. Human epileptic astrocytes exhibit increased gap junction coupling. Glia. 1995;15:195–202
  42. Lewis DV, Mutsuga N, Schuette WH, Van Buren J. Potassium clearance and reactive gliosis in the alumina gel lesion. Epilepsia. 1977;18:499–506
  43. Malhotra SK, Aldskogius H, Shnitka TK. Biochemical diversity among reactive astrocytes. Dendron. 1992;1:55–68
  44. Martinez-Hernandez A, Bell KP, Norenberg MD. Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain. Science. 1977;195:1356–1358
  45. Meldrum BS, Bruton CJ. Epilepsy. In:  Adams JH,  Duchen LW editor. Greenfield's Neuropathology. 5th Ed.. New York: Oxford Univ. Press; 1992;p. 1246–1283
  46. Meldrum BS, Papy JJ, Toure MF, Brierly JB. Four models for studying cerebral lesions secondary to epileptic seizures. Adv. Neurol. 1975;10:147–161
  47. Mickuki SA, Oblinger MM. Vimentin mRNA expression increases after corticospinal axotomy in the adult hamster. Metab. Brain Dis. 1991;6:33–49
  48. Montgomery DL. Astrocytes: form, functions, and roles in disease. Vet. Pathol. 1994;31:145–167
  49. Munoz DG, McNab B, George DH, Johnson D. Absence of gliosis in the brains of epileptic fowl. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1988;15:409–412
  50. Naus CC, Bechberger JF, Paul DL. Gap junction gene expression in human seizure disorder. Exp. Neurol. 1991;111:198–203
  51. Norenberg MD. Astrocyte responses to CNS injury. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 1994;53:213–220
  52. Norenberg MD, Chu N-S. Aminophylline-induced preictal alterations in cortical astrocytes. Exp. Neurol. 1977;54:340–351
  53. Norton WT, Aquino DA, Hozumi I, Chiu F-C, Brosnan CF. Quantitative aspects of reactive gliosis: a review. Neurochem. Res. 1992;17:877–885
  54. Pekny M, Leveen P, Pekna M, Eliasson C, Berthold CH, Westermark B, et al. Mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein display astrocytes devoid of intermediate filaments, but develop and reproduce normally. EMBO J. 1995;14:1590–1598
  55. Penfield W. The mechanism of cicatricial contraction. Brain. 1927;50:499–517
  56. Petito CK, Morgello S, Felix JC, Lesser ML. The two patterns of reactive gliosis in postischemic rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:850–859
  57. Pettman B, Weibel M, Sensenbrenner M, Labourdette . Purification of two astroglial growth factors from bovine brain. FEBS. 1985;189:102–108
  58. Pixley SKR, De Vellis J. Transition between immature radial glia and mature astrocytes studied with a monoclonal antibody to vimentin. Dev. Brain Res. 1984;15:201–209
  59. Pollen DA, Trachtenberg MC. Neuroglia: gliosis and focal epilepsy. Science. 1970;167:1252–1253
  60. Racine RJ, Ivy GO, Milgram NW. Kindling: clinical relevance and anatomical substrate. In:  Bolwig TG,  Trimble MR editor. The Clinical Relevance of Kindling. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 1989;p. 15–34
  61. Ribak CE. Contemporary methods in neurocytology and their application to the study of epilepsy. In: 2nd Ed..  Delgado-Escueta AV,  Ward AA,  Woodbury DM,  Porter RJ editor. Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Adv. Neurol. Vol. 44:New York: Raven Press; 1986;p. 739–764
  62. Riva MA, Gale K, Mocchetti I. Basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA increases in specific brain regions following convulsive seizures. Mol. Brain Res. 1992;15:311–318
  63. Robson RM. Intermediate filaments. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 1989;1:36–43
  64. Schiffer D, Giordana MT, Migheli A, Giaccone G, Pezzotta S, Mauro A. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in the experimental glial reaction of the rat brain. Brain Res. 1986;374:110–118
  65. Steward O, Torre ER, Tomasulo R, Lothman E. Neuronal activity up-regulates astroglial gene expression. In: 2nd Ed.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:1991;p. 6819–6823
  66. Streit WJ. An improved staining method for rat microglial cells using the lectin from Griffon simplicifolia (GSA 1-B4). J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1990;38:1683–1686
  67. Tiffany-Castiglioni EC, Peterson SL, Castiglioni AJ. Alterations in glutamine synthetase activity by FeCl2-induced focal and kindled amygdaloid seizures. J. Neurosci. Res. 1990;25:223–228
  68. Torre ER, Lothman E, Steward O. Glial response to neuronal activity: GFAP-mRNA and protein levels are transsiently increased in the hippocampus after seizures. Brain Res. 1993;631:256–264
  69. Vijayan VK, Lee Y-L, Eng LF. Increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein following neural trauma. Mol. Chem. Neuropath. 1990;13:107–118
  70. Walz W. Role of glial cells in the regulation of the brain ion microenvironment. Prog. Neurobiol. 1989;33:309–333
  71. Ward AA. The epileptic neurone. Epilepsia. 1961;2:70–80
  72. Ward AA. Glia and epilepsy. In:  Schoffeniels E,  Frank G,  Hertz L,  Tower DB editor. Dynamic Properties of Glia Cells. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1978;p. 413–427

PII: S0920-1211(96)00051-4

Epilepsy Research
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 163-175 , December 1996

Article Tools